What is Edema and How is it Related to Cancer?

Author: Molly Lindquist

Medically reviewed by Dr. Doug Blayney on September 11, 2024.

When I was first diagnosed with cancer, I remember that there were so many new words to learn. And so many side effects to learn about. There are still days, a decade later, when I shake my head and think “how am I worrying about [insert random ailment] even today?” So I’m going to spend some time breaking down one of those words today: edema. Don't worry if you've never heard this word before… I hadn’t either. I’m going to walk you through it.

What is Edema?

Edema is a fancy word for swelling caused by too much fluid in your body's tissues. It's like when you accidentally spill water on a sponge, and it puffs up. Your body can do the same thing, especially in areas like your hands, feet, legs, or even your face.

Edema can happen to anyone, not just cancer patients. Sometimes it's caused by standing for too long, eating too much salt, or even pregnancy. But for those of us dealing with cancer, edema can be a bit more complicated.

How is Edema Related to Cancer?

When I first noticed swelling during my cancer treatment, I was pretty worried. My doctor explained that edema and cancer often go hand in hand. Sometimes, it's the cancer itself causing the swelling. Other times, it's a side effect of our treatments.

For example, some tumors can block the flow of fluids (particularly lymph, the clear fluid that circulates in the tissues outside of the veins and arteries, and is eventually returned to the blood to be circulated by the heart) in our body, kind of like a dam in a river. This blockage can cause swelling in nearby areas. Also, some of our treatments, like chemotherapy or radiation, can lead to edema too. It's like our bodies are working overtime to heal, and sometimes that extra effort shows up as swelling.

Symptoms of Edema in Cancer Patients

So, how do you know if you have edema? Well, the most obvious sign is swelling. During my treatment, I noticed my ankles and feet would puff up, especially after sitting for a long time. Some of my friends in cancer support groups mentioned swelling in their arms or even their faces.

But it's not just about looking puffy (although that certainly doesn’t help!). Sometimes, edema can make your skin feel tight or even a bit shiny. If you press on the swollen area, it might leave a dent for a few seconds - kind of like pressing on memory foam.

Now, most of the time, edema isn't an emergency. But there are times when you should call your doctor right away. If you suddenly have trouble breathing, feel dizzy, or notice swelling in just one leg (especially if it's also warm or red), don't wait - get medical help immediately.

Causes of Edema in Cancer Patients

As I mentioned earlier, cancer itself can cause edema. But there's more to the story. Some of our treatments can also lead to swelling. Chemotherapy drugs, for instance, can sometimes cause our bodies to hold onto extra fluid. Steroids, which are often used to help with side effects, can do the same thing.

Another type of edema that's common for cancer patients is called lymphedema. This happens when our lymphatic system (which helps drain fluid from our tissues) gets damaged or blocked. It often occurs after surgery to remove lymph nodes or after radiation therapy.

Sometimes, just being less active during treatment can lead to edema. When we're not moving around as much, fluid can build up in our legs or feet. Also, if we're not eating well (which can be tough during treatment), our bodies might not have the right balance of protein and other nutrients to keep fluids where they should be.

Managing and Treating Edema in Cancer Patients

Now, let's talk about how to deal with edema. The good news is, there are lots of things we can do to help reduce swelling and feel more comfortable.

One of the simplest things I learned was to elevate the swollen area. If my feet were puffy, I'd prop them up on some pillows while watching TV. It's like giving gravity a helping hand to move that extra fluid and another reason to binge watch some Netflix.

Compression garments can also be super helpful. These are special socks, sleeves, or gloves that gently squeeze the swollen area. It might sound uncomfortable, but many people find them soothing. They help push the fluid back into circulation.

Physical therapy can be amazing too. A therapist can teach you special exercises and massage techniques to help move fluid out of swollen areas. I found these exercises really helpful, and they made me feel like I was actively doing something to help my body.

Sometimes, doctors might prescribe medications called diuretics. These are like nature's water pills - they help your body get rid of extra fluid. But always talk to your doctor before taking any new medications, even over-the-counter ones.

When to Seek Medical Help

While most edema in cancer patients isn't dangerous, there are times when you should definitely call your doctor. If your swelling is getting worse really quickly, if it's causing a lot of pain, or if you're having trouble breathing, don't hesitate to reach out for help.

Also, if you notice signs of infection in a swollen area - like redness, warmth, or fever - let your healthcare team know right away. They're there to help us, and it's always better to be safe than sorry.

We’ve been there. We get it.

The Manta Cares team is composed of cancer survivors, caregivers and oncologists - so we truly understand the challenges that come with a cancer diagnosis because we’ve been there. We are here to walk with you as you go through your own cancer experience. Please don’t hesitate to reach out with any questions. We are even developing disease-specific step-by-step maps to show you all the paths you might face during your cancer experience and connect you with relevant support and resources. Sign up for access to our Manta Maps here.

Be sure to subscribe to our newsletter and check out our free resources like our Chemotherapy Checklist for Caregivers, Financial Checklist for Cancer Treatment and more. We also put out a bi-weekly podcast called the Patient from Hell to educate, empower and hopefully inspire you as you go through this crappy experience. You can listen on Spotify, Apple Podcasts, YouTube or anywhere you listen to podcasts. Dealing with cancer as a patient or caregiver can feel really lonely. Just know that you are not alone in this experience.

Conclusion

Living with cancer is tough enough without having to deal with edema too. But remember, you're not alone in this. Many of us have faced similar (puffy!) challenges, and there are ways to manage it. The most important thing is to stay in touch with your healthcare team. They can help you figure out the best ways to manage your edema based on your specific situation. And don't be afraid to speak up if something doesn't feel right - you know your body best.

Also Read: 

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• Tips for Finding Balance After Early Stage Breast Cancer
• Life After Early Stage Breast Cancer: Your Survivorship Care Plan
• Why Diet and Nutrition Are Important for Cancer Patients

FAQs about Edema and Cancer

Q: What's the difference between edema and lymphedema? 

Ans - Edema is general swelling from fluid buildup, while lymphedema is specifically caused by problems with the lymphatic system.

Q: How is edema typically treated?

Ans - Treatment can include elevation, compression garments, exercise, and sometimes medications.

Q: Does edema's location give any clues as to its possible causes? 

Ans - Yes, the location can sometimes hint at the cause. For example, swelling in one arm might be related to breast cancer treatment on that side.

Q: What types of edema are common in cancer patients? 

Ans - Lymphedema, peripheral edema (in limbs), and sometimes edema in the face or abdomen are common.

Q: Can edema be prevented in cancer patients? 

Ans - While it can't always be prevented, staying active, eating well, and following your doctor's advice can help reduce the risk.

Q: Are there any home remedies for managing edema in cancer patients? 

Ans - Elevation, gentle exercise, and wearing loose, comfortable clothing can help. Always check with your doctor before trying new remedies.